Heterocyclic compounds and their use

ABSTRACT

The present invention relates to therapeutically active azacyclic or azabicyclic compounds, a method of preparing the same and to pharmaceutical compositions comprising the compounds. The novel compounds are useful in treating diseases in the central nervous system caused by malfunctioning of the muscarinic cholinergic system.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to therapeutically active azacyclic or azabicyclic compounds, a method of preparing the same and to pharmaceutical compositions comprising the compounds. The novel compounds are useful as stimulants of the cognitive function of the forebrain and hippocampus of mammals and especially in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Due to the generally improved health situation in the western world, elderly-related diseases are much more common now than in the past and are likely to be even more common in the future.

One of the elderly-related symptoms is a reduction of the cognitive functions. This symptom is especially pronounced in the pathophysiological disease known as Alzheimer's disease. This disease is combined with, and also most likely caused by, an up to 90% degeneration of the muscarinic cholinergic neurons in nucleus basalis, which is part of substantia innominata. These neurons project to the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus and have a general stimulatory effect on the cognitive functions of the forebrain as well as of hippocampus, namely learning, association, consolidation, and recognition.

It is a characteristic of Alzheimer's disease that although the cholinergic neurons degenerate, the postsynaptic muscarinic receptors in the forebrain and hippocampus still exist. Therefore, muscarinic cholinergic agonists are useful in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease, in halting its progression, and in improving the cognitive functions of elderly people.

The compounds of this invention are also useful analgesic agents and therefore useful in the treatment of severe painful conditions.

Furthermore, the compounds of this invention are useful in the treatment of glaucoma, psychosis, schizophrenia or schizophreniform conditions, depression, sleeping disorders, epilepsy, and gastrointestinal motility disorders.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

It is an object of the invention to provide new muscarinic cholinergic compounds.

The novel compounds of the invention are heterocyclic compounds having the Formula I or I' ##STR1## wherein w is oxygen or sulphur;

R is hydrogen, amino, halogen, NHR⁶, NR⁶ R⁷, R⁴, --OR⁴, --SR⁴, --SOR⁴, --SO₂ R⁴, C₃₋₁₀ -cycloalkyl, C₄₋₁₂ -(cycloalkylalkyl), --Z--C₃₋₁₀ -cycloalkyl and --Z--C₄₋₁₂ -(cycloalkylalkyl) wherein R⁴ is C₁₋₁₅ -alkyl, C₂₋₁₅ -alkenyl, C₂₋₁₅ -alkynyl, each of which is optionally substituted with one or more halogen(s), --CF₃, --CN, Y, phenyl or phenoxy wherein phenyl or phenoxy is optionally substituted with halogen, --CN, C₁₋₄ -alkyl, C₁₋₄ -alkoxy, --OCF₃, --CF₃, --CONH₂ or --CSNH₂ ; or

R is phenyl or benzyloxycarbonyl, each of which is optionally substituted with halogen, --CN, C₁₋₄ -alkyl, C₁₋₄ -alkoxy, --OCF₃, --CF₃, --CONH₂ or --CSNH₂ ; or

R is --OR⁵ Y, --SR⁵ Y, OR⁵ --Z--Y, --SR⁵ ZY, --O--R⁵ --Z--R⁴ or --S--R⁵ --Z--R⁴ wherein Z is oxygen or sulphur, R⁵ is C₁₋₁₅ -alkyl, C₂₋₁₅ -alkenyl, C₂₋₁₅ -alkynyl, and Y is a 5 or 6 membered heterocyclic group; and

G is selected from one of the following azacyclic or azabicyclic ring systems: ##STR2## or G can optionally be substituted C₃ -C₈ cycloalkyl or optionally substituted C₁₋₆ -alkyl wherein the substitution is --NR⁶ R⁷ ;

R⁶ and R⁷ independently are hydrogen, C₁₋₆ -alkyl, R⁶ and R⁷ together with the nitrogen atom optionally form a 4- to 6-member ring;

R¹ and R² independently are hydrogen, C₁₋₁₅ -alkyl, C₂₋₅ -alkenyl, C₂₋₅ -alkynyl, C₁₋₁₀ -alkoxy, C₁₋₅ -alkyl substituted with --OH, --COR^(6'), CH₂ --OH, halogen, --NH₂, carboxy, or phenyl; R³ is hydrogen, C₁₋₅ -alkyl, C₂₋₅ -alkenyl or C₂₋₅ -alkynyl;

R⁶ is hydrogen, C₁₋₆ -alkyl;

n is 0, 1 or 2;

m is 0, 1 or 2;

p is 0, 1 or 2;

q is 1 or 2;

r is 0, 1 or 2;

. . is a single or double bond; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof.

It is to be understood that the invention extends to each of the stereoisomeric forms of the compounds of the present invention as well as the pure diastereomeric, pure enatiomeric, and racemic forms of the compounds of Formula I and I'.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

As used herein the term "treating" includes prophylaxis of a physical and/or mental condition or amelioration or elimination of the developed physical and/or mental condition once it has been established or alleviation of the characteristic symptoms of such condition.

As used herein with reference to the G substituent, the --(CH₂)_(r) -W-oxadiazole or --(CH₂)_(r) --W--pyrazine moiety can be attached at any carbon atom of the azacyclic or azabicyclic ring. Further, R¹ and R² of the G substituent may be present at any position, including the point of attachment of the --(CH₂)_(r) -W-oxadiazole or --(CH₂)_(r) -W-pyrazine moiety.

Examples of pharmaceutically acceptable salts include inorganic and organic acid addition salts such as hydrochloride, hydrobromide, sulphate, phosphate, acetate, fumarate, maleate, citrate, lactate, tartrate, oxalate, or similar pharmaceutically-acceptable inorganic or organic acid addition salts, and include the pharmaceutically acceptable salts listed in Journal Of Pharmaceutical Science, 66, 2(1977) which are known to the skilled artisan. The compounds of this invention may form solvates with standard low molecular weight solvents using methods known to the skilled artisan.

As used herein with reference to the G substituent, the phrase "R⁶ and R⁷ together with the nitrogen atom optionally form a 4- to 6-member ring" means that R⁶ and R⁷ are each independently hydrogen, C₁ -C₆ alkyl; the R⁶ and R⁷ groups may optionally join to form a 4- to 6-member ring including the nitrogen. For example, optionally joined groups include, but not limited to: ##STR3##

As used herein the phrase "interacting with a muscarinic cholinergic receptor" shall include compounds which block muscarinic cholinergic receptors or modulate such receptors. The phrase shall include the effect observed when compounds act as agonists, partial agonists and/or antagonists at a muscarinic cholinergic receptor.

As used herein, the term "alkoxide metal" means a metal suitable for alkoxide formation. Such alkoxide metals include, but are not limited to, Li⁺, K⁺, Na⁺, Cs⁺, and Ca⁺⁺. Especially preferred alkoxide metals include Li⁺, K⁺, and Na⁺.

As used herein, the term "halogen" means Cl, Br, F, and I. Especially preferred halogens include Cl, Br, and I.

The terms "C₁ -C_(n') alkyl" wherein n' can be from 2 through 15, as used herein, represent a branched or linear alkyl group having from one to the specified number of carbon atoms. Typical C₁ -C₆ alkyl groups include methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, butyl, iso-butyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, pentyl, hexyl and the like.

The terms "C₂ -C_(n') alkenyl" wherein n' can be from 3 through 10, as used herein, represents an olefinically unsaturated branched or linear group having from 2 to the specified number of carbon atoms and at least one double bond. Examples of such groups include, but are not limited to, 1-propenyl, 2-propenyl (--CH₂ --CH═CH₂), 1,3-butadienyl, (--CH═CHCH═CH₂), 1-butenyl (--CH═CHCH₂ CH₃), hexenyl, pentenyl, and the like.

The term "C₂ -C₅ alkynyl" refers to an unsaturated branched or linear group having from 2 to 5 carbon atoms and at least one triple bond. Examples of such groups include, but are not limited to, 1-propynyl, 2-propynyl, 1-butynyl, 2-butynyl, 1-pentynyl, and the like.

The terms "halogen(C₁ -C₆)alkyl" and "halogen(C₂ -C₆) alkenyl" refer to alkyl or alkenyl substituents having one or more independently selected halogen atoms attached at one or more available carbon atoms. These terms include, but are not limited to, chloromethyl, 1-bromoethyl, 2-bromoethyl, 1,1,1-trifluoroethyl, 1,1,2-trifluoroethyl, 1,2,2-trifluoroethyl, 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl, trifluoromethyl, trifluoroethylenyl, 3-bromopropyl, 3-bromo-1-propenyl, 2-bromopropyl, 2-bromo-1propenyl, 3-chlorobutyl, 3-chloro-2-butenyl, 2,3-dichlorobutyl, 1-chloroethylenyl, 2-chloroethylenyl, 5-fluoro-3-pentenyl, 3-chloro-2-bromo-5-hexenyl, 3-chloro-2-bromobutyl, trichloromethyl, 1,1-dichloroethyl, 1,2-dichloroethyl, 2,2dichloroethyl, 1,4-dichlorobutyl, 3-bromopentyl, 1,3dichlorobutyl, 1,1-dichloropropyl, and the like.

The term "C₂ -C₁₀ alkanoyl" represents a group of the formula C(O)(C₁ -C₉) alkyl. Typical C₂ -C₁₀ alkanoyl groups include acetyl, propanoyl, butanoyl, and the like.

The term "(C₁ -C₆ alkyl) amino" refers to a monoalkylamino group. Examples of such groups are methylamino, ethylamino, iso-propylamino, n-propylamino, (n-propyl)amino, (iso-propyl)amino, n-propylamino, t-butylamino, and the like.

The term "C₃ -C_(n) cycloalkyl" wherein n=4-8, represents cyclopropyl, cyctobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, and cyclooctyl.

The term "substituted(C₅ -C_(n')) cycloalkyl" refers to a cycloalkyl group as described supra wherein the cycloalkyl group may be substituted with from one to four substituents independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C₁ -C₆ alkyl, NO₂, halogen, halogen(C₁ -C₆)alkyl, halogen(C₂ -C₆)alkenyl, C₂ -C₆ alkenyl, CO₂ R²⁰, (C₁ -C₆ alkyl) amino, --SR²⁰, and OR²⁰ ; wherein R²⁰ is selected from the group consisting of C₁₋₁₅ -alkyl, C₂₋₁₅ -alkenyl, and C₂₋₁₅ -alkynyl.

The term "C₃ -C₈ cycloalkyl-(C₁ -C₃)alkyl" represents an alkyl group substituted at a terminal carbon with a C₃ -C₈ cycloalkyl group. Typical cycloalkylalkyl groups include cyclohexylethyl, cyclohexylmethyl, 3-cyclopentylpropyl, and the like.

The term "C₅ -C₈ cycloalkenyl" represents an olefinically unsaturated ring having five to eight carbon atoms. Such groups include, but are not limited to, cyclohexyl-1,3-dienyl, cyclohexenyl, cyclopentenyl, cycloheptenyl, cyclooctenyl, cyclohexyl-1,4-dienyl, cycloheptyl-1,4-dienyl, cyclooctyl-1,3,5-trienyl and the like.

The term "substituted (C₅ -C₈) cycloalkenyl" refers to a cycloalkenyl group as described supra. wherein the cycloalkenyl group may be substituted with from one to four substituents independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C₁ -C₆ alkyl, NO₂, halogen, halogen(C₁ -C₆)alkyl, halogen(C₂ -C₆)alkenyl, C₂ -C₆ alkenyl, COR²⁰, C₂ -C₁₀ alkanoyl, C₇ -C₁₆ arylalkyl, CO₂ R²⁰, (C₁ -C₆ alkyl) amino, --SR²⁰, and --OR²⁰ Wherein R²⁰ is selected from the group consisting of C₁ -15 -alkyl, C₂₋₁₅ -alkenyl, C₂₋₁₅ -alkynyl.

The term "C₅ -C₈ cycloalkenyl-(C₁ -C₃)alkyl" represents a C₁ -C₃ alkyl group substituted at a terminal carbon with a C₅ -C₈ cycloalkenyl group.

As used herein, the phrase "5 or 6 membered heterocyclic group" means a group containing from one to four N, O or S atom(s) or a combination thereof, which heterocyclic group is optionally substituted at carbon or nitrogen atom(s) with C₁₋₆ -alkyl, --CF₃, phenyl, benzyl or thienyl, or a carbon atom in the heterocyclic group together with an oxygen atom form a carbonyl group, or which heterocyclic group is optionally fused with a phenyl group. The phrase "5 or 6 membered heterocyclic group" includes, but is not limited to, 5-membered heterocycles having one hetero atom (e.g. thiophones, pyrroles, furans); 5-membered heterocycles having two heteroatoms in 1,2 or 1,3 positions (e.g. oxazoles, pyrazoles, imidazoles, thiazoles, purines); 5-membered heterocycles having three heteroatoms (e.g. triazoles, thiadiazoles); 5-membered heterocycles having 3-heteroatoms; 6-membered heterocycles with one heteroatom (e.g. pyridine, quinoline, isoquinoline, phenanthrine, 5,6-cycloheptenopyridine); 6-membered heterocycles with two heteroatoms (e.g. pyridazines, cinnolines, phthalazines, pyrazines, pyrimidines, quinazolines); 6-membered heterocycles with three heteroatoms (e.g. 1,3,5-triazine); and 6-member heterocycles with four heteroatoms. Particularly preferred are thiophones, pyridines, and furans.

As used herein the term "carboxy" refers to a substituent having the common meaning understood by the skilled artisan, wherein the point of attachment may be through the carbon or oxygen atom of the group.

As used herein the term "aryl" means an organic radical derived from an aromatic hydrocarbon by the removal of one atom; e.g., phenyl or naphthyl. Host preferably, aryl refers to C₆ -C₁₀ aryl, wherein the aryl ring system, including any alkyl substitutions, comprises from 6 to 10 carbon atoms; e.g., phenyl, 3,3-dimethylphenyl, naphthyl, and the like. The aryl radical may be substituted by one or two C₁ -C₆ straight or branched alkyl. The term "aryl(C₁ -C₃)alkyl" refers to any aryl group which is attached to the parent moiety via the alkyl group.

Compounds of this invention can be prepared by

a) reacting a compound of formula II ##STR4## wherein G, W and r have the meaning defined above with h⁺ QR wherein h⁺ is an alkoxide metal; Q is O or S and R has the meaning defined above, or

b) reacting a compound of formula III or IV ##STR5## wherein P is R⁹ SO₂ or halogen; R⁹ is C₁₋₈ straight or branched chain alkyl or aryl; and R has the meaning defined above; with G--(CH₂)_(r) -W⁻ -h⁺ wherein h⁺, G, W and r have the meanings defined above.

The compounds of this invention can be prepared as described supra. and by using the chemical processes illustrated in Scheme I. The starting materials for the illustrated process are commercially available or may be prepared using methods known to the skilled artisan. ##STR6##

As used in Scheme I, R, h⁺, and G are as defined supra. As used in Scheme I, the term "Hal" refers to Cl, Br, I, and R⁹ SO₂.

Compounds of this invention may be prepared by the process illustrated in Scheme II ##STR7##

The artisan will recognize that the starting materials for the process of Scheme II are commercially available or can be prepared using methods familiar to the skilled artisan.

Compounds of Formula I wherein R is an R⁴ group, can be prepared using methods well known in the art. See for example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,043,345.

Further, compounds of Formula I may be prepared using the process illustrated in the following Scheme III ##STR8##

As used in Scheme III, Q may be N, O or S; R²⁴ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, R⁴, R⁵, R⁶, and R⁷ ; R²⁵ is selected from the group consisting of SOR⁴ and SO₂ R⁴ ; all other meanings are as defined supra.

Additional compounds of Formula I may be prepared using the process illustrated by Scheme IV. ##STR9##

As used in Scheme IV, Hal, W, r, and G are as defined supra. As used in Scheme IV, R²² and R²³ are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, R⁶ and R⁷.

When the G substituent contains a secondary nitrogen protected by a protecting group, the protecting group may be removed using standard methods known to the skilled artisan. An especially preferred protecting group is carbamate. One particularly useful reference concerning protecting groups is Greene, Protecting Groups in Organic Synthesis, (John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1981).

The pharmacological properties of the compounds of the invention can be illustrated by determining their capability to inhibit the specific binding of ³ H-Oxotremorine-M (³ H-Oxo). Birdsdall N. J. M., Hulme E. C., and Burgen A. S. V. (1980). "The Character of Muscarinic Receptors in Different Regions of the Rat Brain". Proc. Roy. Soc. London (Series B) 207,1.

³ H-Oxo labels muscarinic receptor in the CNS (with a preference for agonist domains of the receptors). Three different sites are labeled by ³ H-Oxo. These sites have affinity of 1.8, 20 and 3000 nM, respectively. Using the present experimental conditions only the high and medium affinity sites are determined.

The inhibitory effects of compounds on ³ H-oxo binding reflects the affinity for muscarinic acetylcholine receptors.

All preparations are performed at 0°-4° C. unless otherwise indicated. Fresh cortex (0.1-1 g) from male Wistar rats (150-250 g) is homogenized for 5-10 s in 10 mL 20 nM Hepes pH: 7.4, with an Ultra-Turrax homogenizer. The homogenizer is rinsed with 10 mL of buffer and the combined suspension centrifuged for 15 min. at 40,000×g. The pellet is washed three times with buffer. In each step the pellet is homogenized as before in 2×10 mL of buffer and centrifuged for 10 min. at 40,000×g.

The final pellet is homogenized in 20 mM Hepes pH: 7.4 (100 mL per g of original tissue) and used for binding assay. Aliquots of 0.5 mL is added 25 μL of test solution and 25 μL of ³ H-Oxotremorine (1.0 nM, final concentration) mixed and incubated for 30 min. at 25° C. Non-specific binding is determined in triplicate using arecoline (1 μg/mL, final concentration) as the test substance. After incubation samples are added 5 mL of ice-cold buffer and poured directly onto Whatman GF/C glass fiber filters under suction and immediately washed 2 times with 5 mL of ice-cold buffer. The amount of radioactivity on the filters are determined by conventional liquid scintillation counting. Specific binding is total binding minus non specific binding.

Test substances are dissolved in 10 mL water (if necessary heated on a steam-bath for less than 5 min.) at a concentration of 2.2 mg/mL. 25-75% inhibition of specific binding must be obtained before calculation of IC₅₀. The test value will be given as IC₅₀ (the concentration (nM) of the test substance which inhibits the specific binding of ³ H-oxo by 50%). IC₅₀ =(applied test substance concentration) x(C_(x) /C_(o) -C_(x))nM where C_(o) is specific binding in control assays and C_(x) is the specific binding in the test assay. (The calculations assume normal mass-action kinetics).

Furthermore the pharmacological properties of the compounds of the invention can also be illustrated by determining their capability to inhibit ³ HPRZ (pirenzepine, [N-methyl-³ H]) binding to rat cerebral cortex membranes.

Pirenzepine binds selectively to subtype of muscarinic receptors. Historically the type is named the M1-site, whereas pirenzepine sensitive site would be more appropriate. Although selective for M₁ -sites pirenzepine also interact with H₂ -sites.

All preparations are performed at 0°-4° C. unless otherwise indicated. Fresh cortex (0.1-19) from male Wistar rats (150-200 g) is homogenized for 5-10 s in 10 mL 20 mM Hepes pH: 7.4, with an Ultra-Turrax homogenizer. The homogenizer is rinsed with 2×10 mL of buffer and the combined suspension centrifuged for 15 min. at 40,000×g. The pellet is washed three times with buffer. In each step the pellet is homogenized as before in 3×10 mL of buffer and centrifuged for 10 min. at 40,000×g.

The final pellet is homogenized in 20 mM Hepes pH: 7.4 (100 mL per g of original tissue) and used for binding assay. Aliquots of 0.5 mL is added 20 μL of test solution and 25 μL of ³ HPRZ (1.0 nM, final conc.), mixed and incubated for 60 min. at 20° C. Non-specific binding is determined in triplicate using atropine (1.0 μg/mL, final conc.) as the test substance. After incubation samples are added 5 mL of ice-cold buffer and poured directly onto Whatman GF/C glass fiber filters under suction and immediately washed 2 times with 5 mL of ice-cold buffer. The amount of radioactivity on the filters are determined by conventional liquid scintillation counting. Specific binding is total binding minus non-specific binding.

Test substances are dissolved in 10 mL water, at a concentration of 0.22 mg/mL. 25-75% inhibition of specific binding must be obtained before calculation of IC₅₀.

The test value will be given as IC₅₀ (the concentration (nM) of the test substance which inhibits the specific binding of ³ HPRZ by 50%). IC₅₀ =(applied test substance concentration) x(C_(x) /C_(o) -C_(x))nM where C_(o) is specific binding in control assays and C_(x) is the specific binding in the test assay. (The calculations assume normal mass-action kinetics).

Test results obtained by testing some compounds of the present invention will appear from the following table 1.

                  TABLE 1                                                          ______________________________________                                                      .sup.3 H-Oxo-M                                                                           .sup.3 HPRZ                                             Compound     IC.sub.50,nM                                                                             IC.sub.50,nM                                            ______________________________________                                         1            81        56                                                      2            374       253                                                     3            19.3      14.5                                                    6            2.5       0.9                                                     4            25        21                                                      5            40        32                                                      7            16        6.7                                                     8            1040      >1000                                                   9            36        30                                                      10           354       223                                                     11           56        53                                                      12           25        13                                                      13           74        42                                                      14           26        21                                                      15           14        13                                                      16           39        23                                                      17           17        4.5                                                     18           21        5.4                                                     19           121       108                                                     20           245       246                                                     21           26        123                                                     22           140       52                                                      23           4.9       2.7                                                     24           2.2       0.54                                                    ______________________________________                                    

Some examples of compounds contemplated by this invention include, but are not limited to: (+/-)-3-butylthio-4-(azabicyclo[2.2.2]octyl-3-oxy)-1,2,5-oxadiazole, (+/-)-3-(2-butyloxy)-4-[(+/-)-3 -azabicyclo[2.2.2]octyloxy)-1,2,5-oxadiazole, (+/-)-3-butyloxy-4-[endo-(+/-)-6-[1-azabicyclo [3.2.1]octyloxy)]-1,2,5-oxadiazole, 2-[exo-(+/-)-3-[1-azabicyclo [3.2.1]octyloxy)]pyrazine, 3-(2,2,3,3,4,4,4-heptaflurorobutyloxy)-4-[(+/-)-3-(1-azabicyclo[2.2.2]octyloxy)]-1,2,5-oxadiazole, 3-methoxy-4-(1-azabicyclo[2.2.2]octyl-3-oxy)-1,2,5-oxadiazole, 3-pentylthio-4-(1-azabicyclo[2.2.2]ocytl-3-oxy)-1,2,5-oxadiazole, trans-3-butyloxy-4-(2-dimethylaminocyclopentyloxy)-1,2,5-oxadiazole, 3-butylthio-4-(3-azetidinyloxy)-1,2,5-oxadiazole, 3-(3-N-(2-thiazolidonyl) propylthio)-4-(1-azabicyclo[2.2.2]octyl-3-oxy)-1,2,5-oxadiazole, 3-chloro-4-(1-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octyl-6-oxy)-1,2,5-oxadiazole, 3-(2-2-thio-5-trifluoromethylthienyl) ethylthio)-4-azabicyclo[2.2.2]octyl-3-oxy)-1,2,5-oxadiazole, 3-butylthio-2-(1-azabicyclo[2.2.2]ocytl-3-oxy)]pyrazine, 3-butyloxy-2-[3-±-endo-(1-azabicyclo[2.2.1]heptyloxy)]pyrazine, 3-butylthio-4-[3-±-endo-(-1-azabicyclo[2.2.1]heptyloxy)]-1,2,5-oxadiazole, 3-(2-butynyloxy)-2-[6-±-endo-(1-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octyloxy)pyrazine, 3-hexylthio-2-[6-±-exo-(2-azabicyclo[2.2.1]heptyloxy)]pyrazine, 3-hexyloxy-4-[6-±-endo-(2-azabicyclo[2.2.2]ocyloxy)]-1,2,5-oxadiazole, 3-(3-phenylpropynylthio)-2-[2-±-exo-(7-azabicyclo [2.2.1]heptyloxy)]pyrazine, 3-(4,4,4-trifluorobutylthio)-4-[2-±-exo-(7-azabicyclo[2.2.1]heptyloxy)]-1,2,5-oxadiazole, 3-(2-phenoxyethylthio)-4[3-±-endo-(1-azabicyclo [3.2.1]octyloxy)]-1,2,5-oxadiazole, 3-(2-methylthioethoxy)-2-[3-±-exo-(1-azabicyclo [3.2.1]octyloxy)]pyrazine, 3-propargyl-2-[4-(1-azabicyclo [2.2.1]heptyloxy)]pyrazine, 3-(5-hexenyloxy)-4-[7-±-endo-(2-azabicyclo[2.2.1]heptyloxy)]-1,2,5-oxadiazole, 3-butyl-4-[5-(1-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octyloxy)]-1,2,5-oxadiazole, 3-cyclopropylmethylthio-2-[2-±-exo-(8-azabicyclo [3.2.1]octyloxy)]pyrazine, and 3-cyclobutylmethyl-4-[2-±-endo-(8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octyloxy)]-1,2,5-oxadiazole.

The compounds of the invention are effective over a wide dosage range. For example, in the treatment of adult humans, dosages from about 0.05 to about 100 mg, preferably from about 0.1 to about 100 mg, per day may be used. A most preferable dosage is about 0.1 mg to about 70 mg per day. In choosing a regimen for patients suffering from diseases in the central nervous system caused by malfunctioning of the muscarinic cholinergic system it may frequently be necessary to begin with a dosage of from about 20 to about 70 mg per day and when the condition is under control to reduce the dosage as low as from about 0.1 to about 10 mg per day. The exact dosage will depend upon the mode of administration, form in which administered, the subject to be treated, the body weight of the subject to be treated, and the preference and experience of the physician or prescribing caregiver in charge.

The route of administration may be any route, which effectively transports the active compound to the appropriate or desired site of action, such as oral or parenteral e.g. rectal, transdermal, depot, subcutaneous, intravenous, intramuscular or intranasal, the oral route being preferred.

Typical compositions include a compound of formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salt thereof, associated with a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient which may be a carrier, or a diluent or be diluted by a carrier, or enclosed within a carrier which can be in the form of a capsule, sachet, paper, or other container. In making the compositions, conventional techniques for the preparation of pharmaceutical compositions may be used. For example, the active compound will usually be mixed with a carrier, or diluted by a carrier, or enclosed within a carrier which may be in the form of a ampoule, capsule, sachet, paper, or other container. When the carrier serves as a diluent, it may be solid, semi-solid, or liquid material which acts as a vehicle, excipient, or medium for the active compound. The active compound can be adsorbed on a granular solid container for example in a sachet. Some examples of suitable carriers are water, salt solutions, alcohols, polyethylene glycols, polyhydroxyethoxylated castor oil, gelatine, lactose, amylose, magnesium stearate, talc, silicic acid, fatty acid monoglycerides and diglycerides, pentaerythritol fatty acid esters, hydroxymethylcellulose and polyvinylpyrrolidone. The formulations may also include wetting agents, emulsifying and suspending agents, preserving agents, sweetening agents, or flavoring agents. The formulations of the invention may be formulated so as to provide quick, sustained, or delayed release of the active ingredient after administration to the patient by employing procedures well known in the art.

The pharmaceutical preparations can be sterilized and mixed, if desired, with auxiliary agents, emulsifiers, salt for influencing osmotic pressure, buffers and/or coloring substances and the like, which do not deleteriously react with the active compounds.

For parenteral application, particularly suitable are injectable solutions or suspensions, preferably aqueous solutions with the active compound dissolved in polyhydroxylated castor oil.

Tablets, dragees, or capsules having talc and/or a carbohydrate carrier or binder or the like are particularly suitable for oral application. Preferable carriers for tablets, dragees, or capsules include lactose, corn starch, and/or potato starch. A syrup or elixir can be used in cases where a sweetened vehicle can be employed.

Generally, the compounds are dispensed in unit form comprising from about 0.1 to about 100 mg in a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier per unit dosage.

In order to more fully illustrate the operation of this invention, the following formulation examples are provided. The examples are illustrative only, and are not intended to limit the scope of the invention in any way.

FORMULATION 1

A typical tablet, appropriate for use in this method, may be prepared using conventional techniques and may contain:

    ______________________________________                                                    Amount per   Concentration                                                     Tablet       by Weight (%)                                          ______________________________________                                         (±)-Endo-3-butylthio-                                                                    5.0     mg         4.7                                            2-(1-azabicyclo[3.2.1]-                                                        octyl-6-oxy)-1,2,5-                                                            oxadiazole                                                                     Lactosum     67.8    mg Ph. Eur.                                                                               64.2                                           Avicel ® 31.4    mg         29.8                                           Amberlite ®                                                                             1.0     mg         1.0                                            magnesium stearate                                                                          0.25    mg Ph. Eur.                                                                               0.3                                                         105.45  mg         100                                            ______________________________________                                    

FORMULATION 2

Hard gelatin capsules are prepared using the following ingredients:

    ______________________________________                                                      Amount per                                                                              Concentration                                                         Tablet   by Weight (%)                                            ______________________________________                                         (±)-Exo-3-butyloxy-2-                                                                      0.1     mg     0.05                                             (N-methyl-8-azabicyclo-                                                        [3.2.1]octyl-3-oxy)-                                                           pyrazine                                                                       starch dried   200     mg     95.2                                             magnesium stearate                                                                            10      mg     4.8                                                             210.1   mg     100                                              ______________________________________                                    

The above ingredients are mixed and filled into hard gelatin capsules in 210.1 mg quantities.

FORMULATION 3

Suspensions each containing 1 mg of medicament per 5 mL dose are as follows:

    ______________________________________                                                           Amount per 5 mL of                                                             suspension                                                   ______________________________________                                         (±)-3-(3-phenylethylthio)-                                                                      1         mg                                               4-(1-azabicyclo[2.2.2]octyl-                                                   3-oxy)-1,2,5-oxadiazole                                                        sodium carboxymethyl cellulose                                                                     50        mg                                               syrup               1.25      mL                                               benzoic acid solution                                                                              0.10      mL                                               flavor              q.v.                                                       color               q.v.                                                       water               q.s. to 5 mL                                               ______________________________________                                    

The medicament is passed through a No. 45 mesh U.S. sieve and mixed with the sodium carboxymethyl cellulose and syrup to form a smooth paste. The benzoic acid solution, flavor and color is diluted with some of the water and added to the paste with stirring. Sufficient water is then added to produce the required volume.

The intermediates and processes of the present invention are useful for preparing compounds having beneficial muscarinic receptor activity. The compounds of the present invention have such useful muscarinic receptor activity. Certain compounds and conditions within the scope of this invention are preferred. The following conditions, invention embodiments, and compound characteristics listed in tabular form may be independently combined to produce a variety of preferred compounds and process conditions. The following list of embodiments of this invention is not intended to limit the scope of this invention in any way.

Some prefered characteristics of compounds of formula I are:

A) W is S;

B) r is 1 or 2;

C) G is selected from het-1 and het-5;

D) G is unsaturated;

E) G is het-4;

F) G is an azabicycle having 7 ring carbon atoms and a nitrogen atom;

G) G is het-6;

H) r is 0;

I) R is selected from halogen, --OR⁵ Y, --SR⁵ Y, --OR⁵ ZY, --SR⁵ ZY, --OR⁵ ZR⁴, --SR⁵ ZR⁴, --OR⁴, and --SR⁴ ;

J) W is 0;

K) m is 1;

L) n is 1;

M) p is 2;

N) G is het-3

O) G is het-2

P) a compound of Formula I

Q) a compound of Formula I

Especially preferred compounds of this invention have the characteristics of A-F,P; A-F,Q; characteristics of A, G, H, M, F; characteristics of G-O,Q; or the characteristics of G-J,M, P; or G-J,M, Q.

Further, especially preferred R groups include phenyl, benzyloxycarbonyl, --OR⁵ Y, --SR⁵ Y, OR⁵ --Z--Y, --SR⁵ ZY, --O-- R⁴ --Z--R⁵ or --S-R⁴ --Z--R⁵, --SOR⁴, C₃₋₁₀ -cycloalkyl, C₄₋₁₂ (cycloalkylalkyl), --Z--C₃₋₁₀ -cycloalkyl and --Z--C₄₋₁₂ -(cycloalkylalkyl) wherein Z is oxygen or sulphur, R⁵ is C₁₋₁₅ alkyl, C₂₋₁₅ -alkenyl, C₂₋₁₅ -alkynyl, Y is a 5 or 6 membered heterocyclic group containing one to four N, O or S atom(s) or a combination thereof, R₄ is C₁₋₁₅ -alkyl, C₂₋₁₅ -alkenyl, and C₂₋₁₅ -alkynyl.

Further, especially preferred G groups include the following heterocycles: ##STR10##

It is and another preferred embodiment of this invention that G is not an azabicycle, particularly when W is oxygen.

Additionally, another embodiment of this invention which can be preferred is that when W is O and G is alkyl, R is not halogen.

The invention will now be described in further detail with reference to the following examples. The examples are provided for illustrative purposes, and are not to be construed as limiting the scope of the invention in any way.

EXAMPLE 1 (+/-)-3-Butyloxy-4-(1-azabicyclo[2.2.2]octyl-3-oxy)-1,2,5-oxadiazole

A suspension of 3,4-diphenylsulfonyl-1,2,5-oxadiazole oxide (4.6 g, 0.126 mol, Ref. J. Chem. Soc. 1964, 904.) in 1-butanol (400 mL) was heated to 55°-60° C. as a solution of sodium 1-butyloxide (0.3 g Na, 40 mL 1-butanol) was added dropwise. After 1 h, the solvent was evaporated, residue was treated with H₂ O, and the mixture extracted with ether (3×). The extracts were washed with H₂ O, dried, and the solvent evaporated to give a white solid (3.15 g). The solid was heated to reflux overnight in P(OCH₃)₃ (30 mL) then poured into ice-H₂ O containing HCl (6 mL, 5N). The mixture was extracted with ether, the extracts washed with brine, dried, and the solvent evaporated to give a yellow liquid. Radial chromatography (15% EtOAc/hexane) gave a clear liquid (1.85 g). The liquid was dissolved in THF (30 mL) and added dropwise to a mixture prepared from 1-azabicyclo[2.2.2]octan-3-ol(1.85 g 0.014 mol), THF (20 mL), and 1.6 M n-butyl lithium in hexane (8.4 mL, 0.013 mol). The reaction was then warmed to 52° C. for 5 h. The cooled reaction was acidified with dilute HCl and diluted wit ether. the aqueous fraction was washed with ether, made basic, and extracted with ether. The extracts were dried and evaporated to give a clear liquid. The HCl salt (1.4 g) crystallized from CHCl₃ -EtOAc-ether, m.p. 186°-188° C. (Compound 1).

EXAMPLE 2 (+/-)-3-Chloro-2-(1-azabicyclo[2.2.2]octyl-3-oxy)pyrazine

A solution of 1-azabicyclo[2.2.2]octan-3-ol (5 g, 0.039 mol) in THF (400 mL) was treated with 1.6 M n-butyllithium in hexane (25 mL, 0.04 mol). After 1 h, the solution was cooled in an ice-water bath and 2,3-dichloropyrazine (6.6 g, 0.044 mol) in THF (30 mol) was added in one portion. Cooling was removed and after 30 min., the reaction was heated to reflux for 2.5 h. The solvent was evaporated, the residue acidified with 1 N HCl and the mixture extracted with ether. The aqueous fraction was made basic and extracted with ether. The extracts were washed with water, dried, and the solvent evaporated to give a tacky solid. Recrystallization from ether gave a yellow solid (1.74 g), m.p. 112.5-114° C. (Compound 2).

EXAMPLE 3 (+/-)-3-Butyloxy-2-(1-azabicyclo[2.2.2]octyl/pyrazine

A solution of sodium butyloxide (0.25 g Na, 0.0109 mol, 1-butanol, 30 mL) was added to (compound 2) (0.48 g, 0.002 mol), the reaction stirred overnight, then heated to 80° C. for 4 h. The solution was acidified and the solvent evaporated. The residue was suspended in H₂ O, extracted with ether, and the aqueous solution made basic. The aqueous fraction was extracted with EtOAc, the extracts washed with H₂ O, dried, and the solvent evaporated to give a yellow oil. The HCl salt (0.32 g) crystallized from EtOAc as a white powder, m.p. 150°-151° C. (Compound 3).

EXAMPLE 4 (+/-)-3-Propyloxy-2-(1-azabicyclo[2.2.2]octyl-3-oxy)pyrazine

To a solution of lithium 1-propyloxide (7 mL 1.6 M n-butyllithium, 0.011 mol, 1-propanol, 30 mL) was added (compound 2) (0.63 g, 0.0026 mol) and the reaction heated to reflux for 6 h. The solvent was evaporated, the residue suspended in H₂ O, and the mixture extracted with EtOAc. The extracts were washed with H₂ O, dried, and the solvent evaporated to give an oil. The HCl salt (0.34 g) crystallized from acetone as a tan solid, m.p. 186°-190° C. (Compound 4).

EXAMPLE 5 (+/-)-3-Hexyloxy-2-(1-azabicyclo[2.2.2]octyl-3-oxy)pyrazine

To a solution of lithium 1-hexyloxide (7.8 mL 1.6 M n-butyllithium, 0.013 mol, 1-hexanol, 20 mL) was added (compound (0.6 g, 0.0025 mol) and the reaction heated to 80° C. overnight. The solution was cooled, treated with 1 N HCl (15 mL) and the solvent evaporated. The residue was suspended in H₂ O, the mixture washed with ether, and made basic. The aqueous fraction was extracted with EtOAc, the extracts dried, and the solvent evaporated to give an oil. The HCl salt (0.34 g) crystallized from EtOAc as a hemihydrate, m.p. 162°-164° C. (Compound 5).

EXAMPLE 6 (+/-)-3-Butylthio-2-(1-azabicyclo[2.2.2]octyl-3-oxy)pyrazine

A solution of 1-butanethiol (1.1 mL) in THF (100 mL) was treated with 1.6 M n-butyl lithium in hexane (4.7 mL, 0.0075 mol). After 10 min, (compound 2) (0.6 g, 0.0025 mol) was added and the reaction heated to reflux for 3 h. The solvent was evaporated, the residue acidified with cold dilute HCl, and the mixture extracted with ether. The aqueous was made basic and extracted with ether. The ether was dried and the solvent evaporated to give a clear liquid. The HCl salt (0.59 g) crystallized from EtOAc as white crystals, m.p. 192°-193° C. Compound 6).

EXAMPLE 7 (+/-)-3-Pentylthio-2-(1-azabicyclo[2.2.2]octyl-3-oxy)pyrazine

A solution of 1-pentanethiol (1.2 mL) in THF (50 mL) was treated with 1.6 M n-butyl lithium in hexane (4.7 mL, 0.0075 mol). After 10 min, (compound 2) (0.6 g, 0.0025 mol) was added and the reaction heated to reflux for 2 h. The solvent was evaporated, the residue acidified with cold dilute HCl and the mixture extracted with ether. The aqueous was made basic and extracted with ether. The aqueous was made basic and extracted with EtOAc. The EtOAc was dried and the solvent evaporated to give a clear liquid. The HCl salt (0.44 g) crystallized from EtOAc, m.p. 169°-171° C. (Compound 7).

EXAMPLE 8 (+/-)-2-(1-Azabicyclo[2.2.2]octyl-3-oxy)pyrazine

A suspension of 60% NaH in oil (1 g, 0.025 mol) in DMF (30 mL) was treated with 1-azabicyclo[2.2.2]octan-3-ol (3.28 g, 0.025 mol) and the mixture heated to 50° C. for 65 min. The mixture was treated dropwise with 2-chloropyrazine (3.16 g, 0.027 mol) and heating continued for 3 h. Heating was discontinued and the reaction stirred overnight. The solvent was evaporated, the residue treated with water, acidified, and extracted with ether. The extracts were dried, the solvent evaporated, and the residue purified by radial chromatography (30% MeOH-EtOAc-trace NH₄ OH) to give an oil. The HCl salt (2.07 g) crystallized from MeOH-EtOAc, m.p. 256°-258° C. (Compound 8).

EXAMPLE 9 (+/-)-3-(1-Pentyloxy)-2-(1-azabicyclo[2.2.2]octyl-3-oxy)pyrazine

To a solution of lithium 1-pentoxide (1.6 M n -butyllithium, 7.6 mL, 0.012 mol, 1-pentanol, 20 mL) was added (Compound 2) (0.58 g, 0.0024 mol) and the reaction heated to 90° C. overnight. The solution was acidified and the solvent evaporated. The residue was suspended in H₂ O, extracted with ether, and the aqueous solution made basic. the aqueous fraction was extracted with EtOAc, the extracts washed with H₂ O, dried, and the solvent evaporated to give an oil. The oil was purified by raidal chromatography (10% EtOH-1% NH₄ OH--CHCl₃) and the HCl salt (0.2 g) crystallized from EtOAc as a white powder, m.p. 163°-165° C. (Compound 9).

EXAMPLE 10 (+/-)-3-Methoxy-2-(1-azabicyclo[2.2.2]octyl-3-oxy)pyrazine

To a solution of sodium methoxide (Na, 0.4 g, 0.0174 mol, methanol, 25 mL) was added (compound 2) (0.8 g, 0.0033 mol) and the reaction heated to reflux overnight. The solvent was evaporated, the residue suspended in H₂ O, and the mixture extracted with EtOAc. The extracts were dried, the solvent evaporated, and the residue purified by radial chromatography (10% EtOH-1% NH₄ OH-CHCl₃). The HCl salt (0.34 g) crystallized from 2-propanol as a hemihydrate, m.p. 215-218° C. (Compound 10).

EXAMPLE 11 (+/-)-3-Ethoxy-2-(1-azabicyclo[2.2.2]octyl-3-oxy)pyrazine

To a solution of sodium ethoxide (Na, 0.4 g, 0.0174 mol, ethanol, 25 mL) was added (compound 2) (0.8 g, 0.0033 mol) and the reaction heated to reflux overnight. The solvent was evaporated, the residue suspended in H₂ O, and the mixture extracted with EtOAc. The extracts were dried, the solvent evaporated, and the residue purified by radial chromatography (10% EtOH-1% NH₄ OH-CHCl₃). The HCl salt (0.086 g) crystallized from 2-propanol, m.p. 215°-218° C. (Compound 11).

EXAMPLE 12 (+/-)-3-(1-Hexylthio)-2-(1-azabicyclo[2.2,2]octyl-3-oxy) pyrazine

A solution of 1-hexanethiol (1.4 mL) in THF (50 mL) was treated with 1.6 M n-butyllithium in hexane (4.7 mL, 0.0075 mol). After 10 min, (compound 2) (0.6 g, 0.0025 mol) was added and the reaction heated to reflux for 4 h. The solvent was evaporated, the residue acidified with cold dilute HCl and the mixture extracted with ether. The aqueous was made basic and extracted with EtOAc. The EtOAc was dried and the solvent evaporated to give a clear liquid. The HCl salt (0.57 g) crystallized from EtOAc, m.p. 171°-174° C. (Compound 12).

EXAMPLE 13 (+/-)-3-Methylthio-2-(1-azabicyclo[2.2.2]octyl-3-oxy)pyrazine

A suspension of NaH (0.42 g, 0.018 mol) in DMF (25 mL) was treated with 5.19 M methanethiol in DMF (6.44 mL, 0.033 mol). After 10 min, (compound 2) (0.8 g, 0.0033 mol) was added and the reaction heated to 50° C. for 3 h. The reaction was cooled, acidified, and the solvent evaporated. The residue was suspended in cold water, extracted with ether, the aqueous made basic, and the mixture extracted with EtOAc. The EtOAc was dried and the solvent evaporated to give a clear liquid. The HCl salt (0.63 g) crystallized from MeOH-EtOAc, m.p. 243°-247° C. (Compound 13).

EXAMPLE 14 (+/-)-3-Ethylthio-2-(1-azabicyclo[2.2.2]octyl-3-oxy)pyrazine

A solution of ethanethiol (2.6 mL) in THF (90 mL) was treated with 1.6 M n-butyllithium in hexane (9 mL, 0.0167 mol). After 15 min, (compound 2) (0.6 g, 0.0025 mol) was added and the reaction heated to reflux for 4 h. The solvent was evaporated, the residue acidified with cold dilute HCl and the mixture extracted with ether. The aqueous was made basic and extracted with EtOAc. The EtOAc was dried, the solvent evaporated, and the residue purified by radial chromatography (5% EtOH-0.5% NH₄ OHCHCl₃). The HCl salt (0.48 g) crystallized from EtOAc, m.p. 269°-272° C. (Compound 14).

EXAMPLE 15 (+/-)-3-(1-Propylthio-2-(1-azebicyclo[2.2.2]octyl-3-oxy)pyrazine

A solution of 1-propanethiol (2.7 mL) in THF (90 mL) was treated with 1.6 M n-butyllithium in hexane (7 mL, 0.0117 mol). After 15 min, (compound 2) (0.7 g, 0.0029 mol) was added and the reaction heated to reflux for 4 h. The solvent was evaporated, the residue acidified with cold dilute HCl and the mixture extracted with ether. The aqueous was made basic and extracted with EtOAc. The EtOAc was dried, the solvent evaporated to give an oil. The HCl salt (0.76 g) crystallized from MeOH-EtOAc, m.p. 231°-234° C. (Compound 15).

EXAMPLE 16 (+/-)-3-(1-Heptylthio-2-(1-azabicyclo[2.2.2]octyl-3-oxy/pyrazine

A solution of 1-heptanethiol (4.9 mL) in THF (90 mL) was treated with 1.6 M n-butyllithium in hexane (7 mL, 0.0117 mol). After 15 min, (compound 2) (0.7 g, 0.0029 mol) was added and the reaction heated to reflux for 4 h. The solvent was evaporated, the residue acidified with cold dilute HCl and the mixture extracted with ether. The aqueous was made basic and extracted with EtOAc. The EtOAc was dried, the solvent evaporated to give an oil. The HCl salt (0.767 g) crystallized from MeOH-EtOAc as a hemihydrate, m.p. 169°-173° C. (Compound 16).

EXAMPLE 17 3-(1-Butylthio-2-(2-(dimethylamino)ethoxy)pyrazine

A solution of 2-dimethylaminoethanol (2.13 mL, 0.021 mol) in THF (130 mL) was treated with 1.6 M n-butyllithium in hexane (13.1 mL, 0.021 mol) with cooling in an ice-water bath. To the solution was added 2,3-dichloropyrazine (3.13 g, 0.021 mol) and the reaction heated to reflux overnight. The solvent was evaporated, the residue acidified with cold 1 N HCl and the mixture extracted with ether. The aqueous was made basic and extracted with EtOAc. The extracts were washed with water, dried, and the solvent evaporated to give a clear oil (3.86 g). The oil was added to a solution of lithium 1-butanethioxide (1.6 M n-butanethioxide (1.6 M n-butyllithium, 17 mL, 0.0273 mol, 1-butanethiol, 19.7 mL, 0.184 mol) in THF (100 mL), the reaction heated to reflux for 2 h, heating removed, and the reaction stirred over the weekend. The solvent was evaporated, the residue dissolved in dilute HCl and the mixture extracted with ether. The aqueous phase was made basic, extracted with EtOAc, the extracts dried, and the solvent evaporated. The residue was purified by radial chromatography (5% EtOH-0.5% NH₄ OH--CHCl₃) to give an oil (3.4 g). The HCl salt crystallized from EtOAc to give a white solid, m.p. 120°-123° C. (Compound 17).

EXAMPLE 18 3-(1-Butylthio)-2-(2-trimethylamino)ethoxy)pyrazine iodide

A solution of (compound 17) (0.7 g, 0.0028 mol) in EtOAc (40 mL ) was treated with iodomethane (0.4 mL ) and the reaction stirred overnight. The white solid (1.04 g) was collected by filtration and dried, m.p. 140°-142° C. (Compound 18).

EXAMPLE 19 3-chloro-2-[endo-(+,-)-6-(1-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octyloxy)]pyrazine

A solution of potassium t-butoxide (0.62 g, 0.0055 mol) in THF (10 mL) was treated with endo-(+,-)-1-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-6-ol (0.64 g, 0.005 mol). After 5 min, 2,3-dichloropyrazine (2 g, 0.0134 mol) was added and the reaction stirred overnight. The reaction was diluted with H₂ O, acidified, and extracted with ether. The aqueous phase was made basic and extracted with EtOAc, the extracts dried, washed with brine, dried, and the solvent evaporated. The residue was purified by radial chromatography (20% EtOH-2% NH₄ OH--CHCl₃) to give an oil. The HCl salt crystallized from acetone (0.44 g), m.p. 200° C. dec. (Compound 19).

EXAMPLE 20 3-Methyl-2-[endo-(+,-)-6-(1-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octyloxy)]-pyrazine

A solution of potassium t-butoxide (0.62 g, 0.0055 mol) in THF (10 mL) was treated with endo-(+,-)-1-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-6-ol (0.64 g, 0.005 mol). After 5 min, reaction was cooled in an ice-water bath and 2-chloro-3-methylpyrazine (1.3 g, 0.01 mol) was added in a single portion. Cooling was removed and the reaction stirred for 3 days. The solvent was evaporated, the residue diluted with H₂ O, acidified, and extracted with ether. The aqueous phase was made basic and extracted with EtOAc, the extracts dried, washed with brine, dried, and the solvent evaporated. The residue was converted to an HCl salt and recrystallized from 2-propanol to give a floculant powder (0.5 g), m.p. 240° C. dec. (Compound 20).

EXAMPLE 21 2-[endo-(+,-)-6-(1-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octyloxy)]-pyrazine

A solution of potassium t-butoxide (0.62 g, 0.0055 mol) in THF (10 mL) was treated with endo-(+,-)-1-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-6-ol (0.64 g, 0,005 mol). After 5 min, reaction was cooled in an ice-water bath and 2-chloro-3-methylpyrazine (1.2 g, 0.01 mol) was added in a single portion. Cooling was removed and the reaction stirred 4 h. The solvent was evaporated, the residue diluted with H₂ O, acidified, and extracted with ether. The aqueous phase was made basic and extracted with EtOAc, the extracts dried, washed with brine, dried, and the solvent evaporated. The solid residue was converted to an HCl salt and recrystallized from 2-propanol to give a white solid (0.92 g), m.p. 250° C. dec. (Compound 21).

EXAMPLE 22 6-Chloro-2-[endo-(+,-)-6-(1-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octyloxy)]-pyrazine

A solution of potassium t-butoxide (0.62 g, 0.0055 mol) in THF (10 mL) was treated with endo-(+,-)-1-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-6-ol (0.64 g, 0.005 mol). After 5 min, reaction was cooled in an ice-water bath and 2,6dichloropyrazine (1 g, 0.0067 mol) was added in a single portion. Cooling was removed and the reaction stirred over night. The solvent was evaporated, the residue diluted with H₂ O, acidified, and extracted with ether. The aqueous phase was made basic and extracted with EtOAc, the extracts dried, washed with brine, dried, and the solvent evaporated. The residue was purified by radial chromatography (20% EtOH-2% NH₄ OH--CHCl₃). The HCl salt crystallized from acetone to give a white solid (0.33 g), m.p. 211°-213° C. dec. (Compound 22).

EXAMPLE 23 3-(1-butyloxy)-2-[endo-(+,-)-6-(1-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octyloxy)]-pyrazine

A solution of potassium t-butoxide (1 g, 0.0089 mol) in THF (20 mL) was treated with 1-butanol (1 mL). After 5 min, reaction was cooled in an ice-water bath and Compound 19 (0.65 g, 0.0027 mol) in THF (10 mL) was added. Cooling was removed and the reaction stirred for 3 days. The solvent was evaporated, the residue diluted with H₂ O, acidified, and extracted with ether. The aqueous phase was made basic and extracted with EtOAc, the extracts dried, washed with brine, dried, and the solvent evaporated. The residue was purified by radial chromatography (20% EtOH-2% NH₄ OH--CHCl₃). The HCl salt crystallized from EtOAc to give a white solid (0.23 g), m.p. 171.5°-172.5° C. dec.(Compound 23)

EXAMPLE 24 3-(1-butylthio)-2-[endo-(+,-)-6-(1-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octyloxy)]-pyrazine

A solution of potassium t-butoxide (1 g, 0.0089 mol) in THF (20 mL) was cooled in ice-water and treated with 1-butanethiol (1 mL). After 5 min, cooling was removed and Compound 19 (0.6 g, 0.0025 mol) in THF (10 mL) was added. After stirring overnight, the solvent was evaporated, the residue diluted with H₂ O, acidified, and extracted with ether. The aqueous phase was made basic and extracted with EtOAc, the extracts dried, washed with brine, dried, and the solvent evaporated. The residue was purified by radial chromatography (20% EtOH-2% NH₄ OH--CHCl₃). The HCl salt crystallized from EtOAc to give a white solid (0.64 g), m.p. 157°-158° C. dec. (Compound 24). 

We claim:
 1. A method of treating a disease in the central nervous system caused by malfunctioning of the muscarinic cholinergic system comprising administering to a subject in need thereof a pharmaceutically effective amount of a compound of Formula I or the quaternized form thereof: ##STR11## wherein W is oxygen or sulphur;R is hydrogen, amino, halogen, NHR⁶, NR⁶ R⁷, R⁴, --OR⁴, --SR⁴, --SOR⁴, --SO₂ R⁴, C₃₋₁₀ -cycloalkyl, C₄₋₁₂ -(cycloalkylalkyl), --Z--C₃₋₁₀ -cycloalkyl and --Z--C₄₋₁₂ -(cycloalkylalkyl); wherein R⁴ is C₁₋₁₅ -alkyl, C₂₋₁₅ -alkenyl, C₂₋₁₅ -alkynyl, each of which is optionally substituted with one or more halogen(s), --CF₃, --CN, Y, phenyl or phenoxy wherein phenyl or phenoxy is optionally substituted with halogen, --CN, C₁₋₄ -alkyl, C₁₋₄ -alkoxy, --OCF₃, --CF₃, --CONH₂ or --CSNH₂ ; or R is phenyl or benzyloxycarbonyl, each of which is optionally substituted with halogen, --CN, C₁₋₄ -alkyl, C₁₋₄ -alkoxy, --OCF₃, --CF₃, --CONH₂ or --CSNH₂ ; or R is --OR⁵ Y, --SR⁵ Y, OR⁵ --Z--Y, --SR⁵ ZY, --O --R⁵ --Z--R⁴ or --S--R⁵ --Z--R⁴ ; wherein Z is oxygen or sulphur; R⁵ is C₁₋₁₅ -alkylene, C₂₋₁₅ -alkenylene or C₂₋₁₅ -alkynylene; and Y is a 5 or 6 membered heterocyclic group; and G is selected from one of the following azacyclic or azabicyclic ring systems: ##STR12## or G can optionally be substituted C₃ -C₈ cycloalkyl or substituted C₁₋₆ -alkyl wherein the substitution is --NR⁶ R⁷ ; R⁶ and R⁷ independently are hydrogen or C₁₋₆ -alkyl or R⁶ and R⁷ together with the nitrogen atom optionally form a 4- to 6-member ring; R¹ and R² independently are hydrogen, C₁₋₁₅ -alkyl, C₂₋₅ -alkenyl, C₂₋₅ -alkynyl, C₁₋₁₀ -alkoxy, C₁₋₅ -alkyl substituted with --OH, --COR^(6'), CH₂ --OH, halogen, --NH₂, carboxy, or phenyl; R³ is hydrogen, C₁₋₅ -alkyl, C₂₋₅ -alkenyl or C₂₋₅ -alkynyl; R⁶ ' is hydrogen, C₁₋₆ -alkyl; m is 0, 1 or 2; n is 0, 1 or 2; p is 0, 1 or 2; q is 1 or 2; r is 0, 1 or 2; and - - - - - - - is a single or double bond; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof.
 2. A method of claim 1 wherein W is S.
 3. A method of claim 1 wherein W is O and G is an azacyclylic or azabicyclic ring system.
 4. A method of claim 2 wherein r is 1 or
 2. 5. A method of claim 1 wherein G is selected from the group consisting of: ##STR13##
 6. A method of claim 5 wherein G is selected from the group consisting of ##STR14##
 7. The method of claim 1 wherein the compound is (±)-3-Butyloxy-4-(1-azabicyclo[2.2.2]octyl-3-oxy)-1,2,5-oxadiazole.
 8. A method for treating a pathological condition associated with the modulation of muscarinic cholinergic receptors comprising administering to a subject in need thereof a pharmaceutically effective amount of a compound of Formula I or the quaternized form thereof: ##STR15## wherein W is oxygen or sulphur;R is hydrogen, amino, halogen, NHR⁶, NR⁶ R⁷, R⁴, --OR⁴, --SR⁴, --SOR⁴, --SO₂ R⁴, C₃₋₁₀ -cycloalkyl, C₄₋₁₂ -(cycloalkylalkyl), --Z--C₃₋₁₀ -cycloalkyl and --z--C₄₋₁₂ -(cycloalkylalkyl); wherein R⁴ is C₁₋₁₅ -alkyl, C₂₋₁₅ -alkenyl, C₂₋₁₅ -alkynyl, each of which is optionally substituted with one or more halogen(s), --CF₃, --CN, Y, phenyl or phenoxy wherein phenyl or phenoxy is optionally substituted with halogen, --CN, C₁₋₄ -alkyl, C₁₋₄ -alkoxy, --OCF₃, --CF₃, --CONH₂ or --CSNH₂ ; or R is phenyl or benzyloxycarbonyl, each of which is optionally substituted with halogen, --CN, C₁₋₄ -alkyl, C₁₋₄ -alkoxy, --OCF₃, --CF₃, --CONH₂ or --CSNH₂ ; or R is --OR⁵ Y, --SR⁵ Y, OR⁵ --Z--Y, --SR⁵ ZY, --O--R⁵ --Z--R⁴ or --S--R⁵ --Z--R⁴ ; Z is oxygen or sulphur; R⁵ is C₁₋₁₅ -alkylene, C₂₋₁₅ -alkenylene or C₂₋₁₅ -alkynylene; and Y is a 5 or 6 membered heterocyclic group; and G is selected from one of the following azacyclic or azabicyclic ring systems: ##STR16## or G can optionally be substituted C₃ -C₈ cycloalkyl or substituted C₁₋₆ -alkyl wherein the substitution is --NR⁶ R⁷ ; R⁶ and R⁷ independently are hydrogen or C₁₋₆ -alkyl or R⁶ and R⁷ together with the nitrogen atom optionally form a 4- to 6-member ring; R¹ and R² independently are hydrogen, C₁₋₁₅ -alkyl, C₂₋₅ -alkenyl, C₂₋₅ -alkynyl, C₁₋₁₀ -alkoxy, C₁₋₅ -alkyl substituted with --OH, --COR^(6'), CH₂ --OH, halogen, --NH₂, carboxy, or phenyl; R³ is hydrogen, C₁₋₅ -alkyl, C₂₋₅ -alkenyl or C₂₋₅ -alkynyl; R^(6') is hydrogen, C₁₋₆ -alkyl; m is 0, 1 or 2; n is 0, 1 or 2; p is 0, 1 or 2; q is 1 or 2; r is 0, 1 or 2; and - - - - - - - is a single or double bond; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof.
 9. A method of claim 8 wherein W is S.
 10. A method of claim 8 wherein W is O and G is an azacyclylic or azabicyclic ring system.
 11. A method of claim 9 wherein r is 1 or
 2. 12. A compound of claim 8 wherein G is selected from the group consisting of: ##STR17##
 13. A method of claim 12 wherein G is selected from the group consisting of ##STR18##
 14. The method of claim 8 wherein the compound is (±)-3-Butyloxy-4-(1-azabicyclo[2.2.2]octyl-3-oxy)-1,2,5-oxadiazole. 